![]() In the case of the following two sentences, for example: “ The water system is failing because of old pipes and shortage of qualified technicians to repair them. ( i) Anaphoric Reference Grammatical term used to describe a linguistic feature, which refers to a previously mentioned element in any given text. ![]() Reference can be sub-categorize as follow Reference Exophoric Endophoric Anaphoric Cataphor.The reference items must not match the grammatical Item it refers to. The relationship of reference is on semantic level. It characterizes a Particular type of cohesion which is called reference. Example of Reference Doctor Faustus went to Gloucester in a shower of rain He stepped in puddle right up to his middle And never went there again He and There show that information about them is retrieved elsewhere within the text.Halliday & Hasan's (1976) Taxonomy of cohesive devices : “ reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion”, further refined by Martin (1992).Meaning: The semantic system Wording: The lexico-grammatical system Sound/ Writing System: The phonological and orthographical system Types of Cohesion Language is multiple coding system comprising three levels of coding.COHESION Word Phrase/Clause/Sentence Discourse Fusion Integration Relational markers.Cohesive devices may take a number of forms, for example, pronouns, nouns, conjunctions etc.Grammar: Smaller linguistic units such as words, phrases,And clauses are joined together through cohesive devices (conjunctions) to construct a larger unit of text.A sementic relation of this kind may be set up either within a sentence with the consequence that when it crosses a sentence boundry it has the effect of making the two sentences cohere with one another. For example for a personal pronoun and an antecedent proper name, such as Aleena …. Meaning: the relations between two or more elements in a text that are independent of the structure.A close relationship based on grammar or meaning between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of writing. ![]() « cohesion is no more structural, it is external, marked by « lexico-grammatical items»» (Halliday & Hasan 1976)
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